Triggers

  • Hepatitis C (mainly in East/Southeast Asia, South America, Middle East, Europe); associated with oral lichen planus
  • Human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7
  • Herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus
  • Human papillomavirus

  • influenza
  • hepatitis B

  • metallic dental restorations (mercury/amalgam, copper, gold)

  • color film developers
  • methacrylic acid esters
  • dimethyl fumarate in sofas

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics, quinidine 
  • Antimalarials
  • Gold salts
  • Pembrolizumab/nivolumab
  • Penicillamine
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors
  • Anticonvulsants

  • stress
  • anxiety
  • depression